• How to Invest Better!

    Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and should not be considered financial advice.

    Download my free ebook on investing better, which is attached to this blog post! This is the first time I have ever released a pdf ebook on my website. First time for everything I guess.

  • SBIT & BITI ETFs: A Way to Bet Against the Bitcoin Ponzi Scheme

    SBIT & BITI ETFs: A Way to Bet Against the Bitcoin Ponzi Scheme

    Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and should not be considered financial advice.

    Bitcoin and the broader cryptocurrency market have often been criticized for their lack of intrinsic value, extreme volatility, and Ponzi-like characteristics. While many investors buy into the hype, others are looking for ways to profit from Bitcoin’s potential downfall. Enter SBIT and BITI, two exchange-traded funds (ETFs) designed to short Bitcoin and allow investors to take an opposing stance on the crypto bubble.


    Understanding SBIT & BITI

    SBIT ETF

    • The SBIT (Short Bitcoin Strategy ETF) is an actively managed inverse ETF designed to capitalize on declines in Bitcoin’s price.
    • It uses derivatives and futures contracts to deliver the inverse performance of Bitcoin over a specific period.
    • Suitable for investors who believe Bitcoin is fundamentally overvalued and expect its price to decline over time.

    BITI ETF

    • BITI (ProShares Short Bitcoin ETF) is another inverse ETF that provides investors with an easy way to short Bitcoin.
    • Unlike traditional shorting, BITI allows investors to take bearish positions on Bitcoin without needing to open margin accounts or deal with complex futures contracts.
    • It offers daily inverse exposure to Bitcoin, meaning that if Bitcoin falls by 5%, BITI is designed to rise by approximately 5%.

    Why Bet Against Bitcoin?

    Many critics argue that Bitcoin operates like a Ponzi scheme, relying on new investors to sustain its value rather than any tangible utility. Here are some reasons why investors choose to short Bitcoin:

    1. Bitcoin’s Lack of Intrinsic Value

    Bitcoin is often compared to gold, but unlike gold, it has no industrial use, no cash flow, and no inherent value beyond what the next buyer is willing to pay.

    2. Regulatory Crackdowns

    Governments and financial institutions are increasingly scrutinizing crypto markets, and regulatory actions could significantly impact Bitcoin’s future.

    3. Market Manipulation & Volatility

    Bitcoin’s price is notoriously manipulated by whales (large holders), and its volatility makes it unpredictable and risky.

    4. Ponzi-Like Characteristics

    Bitcoin depends on continuous new investment to sustain its value, similar to how Ponzi schemes function. When enthusiasm wanes, the market collapses.

    5. Energy Consumption Concerns

    The Bitcoin network requires immense amounts of electricity, leading to criticism regarding its environmental impact.


    Risks of Shorting Bitcoin

    While betting against Bitcoin can be profitable, it’s not without risks:

    • Short Squeezes: Bitcoin’s price can skyrocket due to hype, causing short sellers to face heavy losses.
    • Extreme Volatility: Short-term price swings can result in significant losses if not properly managed.
    • ETF Decay: Inverse ETFs often experience daily rebalancing issues that can impact long-term performance.

    Final Thoughts

    For those who believe Bitcoin is an overhyped speculative asset, SBIT and BITI provide accessible tools to bet against it. However, these ETFs carry their own risks, and shorting any asset should be done with careful consideration. As the crypto market continues to evolve, investors looking to profit from Bitcoin’s potential decline may find these ETFs to be useful options.

    Would you consider shorting Bitcoin? Share your thoughts in the comments below!

    Disclaimer: This article is not financial advice. Always conduct your own research before making any investment decisions.

  • Top 20 Bond ETFs for Stability and Income

    Top 20 Bond ETFs for Stability and Income

    Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and should not be considered financial advice.

    Bond ETFs provide investors with a diversified way to gain exposure to fixed-income securities while maintaining liquidity and flexibility. Whether you’re looking for safety, steady income, or diversification, bond ETFs offer various options to fit different investment goals. Below are 20 of the top bond ETFs, categorized by their primary focus.


    1. Vanguard Total Bond Market ETF (BND)

    • Tracks the Bloomberg U.S. Aggregate Bond Index.
    • Provides broad exposure to U.S. investment-grade bonds.

    2. iShares Core U.S. Aggregate Bond ETF (AGG)

    • Offers diversified exposure to the U.S. bond market.
    • Low-cost and widely held.

    3. Schwab U.S. Aggregate Bond ETF (SCHZ)

    • A solid choice for broad bond market exposure.
    • Lower expense ratio than some competitors.

    4. iShares iBoxx $ Investment Grade Corporate Bond ETF (LQD)

    • Focuses on U.S. investment-grade corporate bonds.
    • Offers higher yields than aggregate bond ETFs.

    5. Vanguard Intermediate-Term Corporate Bond ETF (VCIT)

    • Invests in investment-grade corporate bonds with intermediate maturities.
    • Ideal for moderate-risk income investors.

    6. SPDR Bloomberg High Yield Bond ETF (JNK)

    • Targets high-yield (junk) corporate bonds.
    • Higher risk but greater income potential.

    7. iShares iBoxx $ High Yield Corporate Bond ETF (HYG)

    • Another top choice for junk bonds with high yields.
    • Suitable for risk-tolerant investors.

    8. Vanguard Short-Term Corporate Bond ETF (VCSH)

    • Offers exposure to short-term, investment-grade corporate bonds.
    • Lower interest rate risk.

    9. iShares 7-10 Year Treasury Bond ETF (IEF)

    • Focuses on U.S. Treasury bonds with maturities of 7-10 years.
    • Provides stability and moderate yield.

    10. SPDR Bloomberg Barclays 1-3 Month T-Bill ETF (BIL)

    • Invests in ultra-short-term U.S. Treasury bills.
    • Ideal for cash management and low volatility.

    11. iShares 20+ Year Treasury Bond ETF (TLT)

    • Holds long-term U.S. Treasury bonds (20+ years).
    • Greater sensitivity to interest rate changes.

    12. Vanguard Long-Term Corporate Bond ETF (VCLT)

    • Offers high-yield potential with long-duration corporate bonds.
    • Higher risk due to interest rate sensitivity.

    13. iShares U.S. Treasury Bond ETF (GOVT)

    • Provides broad exposure to U.S. government debt.
    • Safe and highly liquid.

    14. SPDR Bloomberg Convertible Securities ETF (CWB)

    • Invests in convertible bonds that can be turned into equity.
    • Offers a mix of bond stability and stock upside.

    15. iShares TIPS Bond ETF (TIP)

    • Holds Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities (TIPS).
    • Helps hedge against inflation.

    16. Vanguard Short-Term Bond ETF (BSV)

    • Tracks the Bloomberg U.S. 1-5 Year Government/Credit Bond Index.
    • Lower risk, ideal for conservative investors.

    17. iShares Floating Rate Bond ETF (FLOT)

    • Holds bonds with variable interest rates.
    • Helps reduce interest rate risk.

    18. SPDR Bloomberg Emerging Markets Local Bond ETF (EBND)

    • Provides exposure to bonds issued by emerging market governments.
    • Higher risk but potential for strong returns.

    19. Vanguard Tax-Exempt Bond ETF (VTEB)

    • Invests in municipal bonds exempt from federal taxes.
    • Ideal for income-seeking investors in high tax brackets.

    20. iShares National Muni Bond ETF (MUB)

    • Provides exposure to investment-grade municipal bonds.
    • Offers tax advantages for certain investors.

    Final Thoughts

    Bond ETFs play a critical role in diversifying portfolios, offering income generation, and mitigating market volatility. Depending on your risk tolerance and investment objectives, different types of bond ETFs can provide stability or higher yields. Always conduct thorough research and consult a financial advisor before making investment decisions.

    What are your favorite bond ETFs? Share your thoughts in the comments!

  • Crypto is a Gambling Parlor

    Crypto is a Gambling Parlor

    Why Crypto Is Essentially Gambling

    Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and should not be considered financial advice.

    Cryptocurrencies have been marketed as the future of finance, a revolutionary technology that will disrupt traditional systems and empower individuals. However, a growing number of skeptics argue that the crypto market is less about investing and more akin to gambling. Here’s a breakdown of why many see crypto as a high-stakes bet rather than a sound investment strategy.


    1. Speculation Over Fundamentals

    In traditional investing, asset prices are often tied to fundamentals like earnings, cash flow, or intrinsic value. Cryptocurrencies, however, lack these tangible metrics. Most of their value comes from speculation—the belief that someone else will pay more for the asset in the future. This dynamic mirrors gambling, where participants wager on unpredictable outcomes.


    2. Extreme Volatility

    The crypto market is notorious for its wild price swings. In a single day, Bitcoin or Ethereum can rise or fall by double-digit percentages, often without any clear reason. This kind of volatility is similar to the unpredictability of casino games, where fortunes can change in an instant. For many, investing in crypto feels more like placing a bet on red or black at the roulette table.


    3. Lack of Regulation

    Traditional financial markets are heavily regulated to protect investors and maintain stability. Cryptocurrencies, on the other hand, operate in a largely unregulated environment. This lack of oversight has led to frequent scams, rug pulls, and market manipulation. Much like gambling in an unlicensed casino, participants in the crypto market often take on risks without safeguards.


    4. Zero-Sum Game Dynamics

    In gambling, one person’s win is often another’s loss. The crypto market operates similarly: for every investor who profits by selling at a high price, there’s another who bought at the peak and is now holding losses. This zero-sum dynamic further aligns crypto with gambling rather than investing.


    5. Hype-Driven Behavior

    Crypto markets are fueled by hype and emotional decision-making. Memecoins like Dogecoin and Shiba Inu, for example, gained massive popularity not because of their utility but because of internet memes and social media buzz. Such behavior is reminiscent of gambling, where people chase excitement and hope for a lucky break.


    6. The House Always Wins

    In gambling, the casino always has an edge. In crypto, the equivalent “house” includes early adopters, insiders, and those running exchanges. Early investors often accumulate vast amounts of tokens before public offerings, and exchanges profit from trading fees regardless of market conditions. These entities consistently profit, while retail investors frequently bear the brunt of losses.


    7. Chasing Losses

    A hallmark of gambling addiction is the tendency to chase losses—throwing more money at the table in the hopes of recovering previous losses. Many crypto investors exhibit similar behavior, doubling down on losing trades or buying into new tokens after suffering setbacks, often leading to further financial harm.


    Counterarguments: Is Crypto Always Gambling?

    Proponents of cryptocurrency argue that the technology has legitimate use cases, such as decentralized finance (DeFi), smart contracts, and cross-border payments. However, these innovations often exist independently of the speculative trading behavior that dominates the market. While the underlying technology may have value, the speculative frenzy surrounding crypto assets frequently overshadows their practical applications.


    Final Thoughts

    The crypto market’s speculative nature, extreme volatility, and lack of regulation make it feel more like a gamble than an investment. While some individuals have profited immensely, countless others have suffered significant losses. As with gambling, participants should approach crypto with caution, understanding the risks and being prepared to lose whatever they wager.

    Remember: If you’re going to play the game, know the odds—and don’t bet more than you can afford to lose.

  • How Crypto Is a Complete Ponzi Scheme

    How Crypto Is a Complete Ponzi Scheme

    Disclaimer: This article reflects personal opinions and analysis for informational purposes only and is not financial advice.

    Cryptocurrencies have captivated the financial world, drawing in millions of investors with promises of decentralization, freedom from traditional banks, and rapid wealth generation. Yet, beneath the hype and technical jargon, many argue that the entire crypto ecosystem exhibits traits eerily similar to a Ponzi scheme. Here’s a closer look at why this argument persists.

    What Is a Ponzi Scheme?

    A Ponzi scheme is a fraudulent investment strategy that generates returns for earlier investors by using the capital from newer investors, rather than legitimate profits from actual investments. Eventually, these schemes collapse when the influx of new investors can no longer sustain payouts.

    Now, let’s explore the parallels between Ponzi schemes and cryptocurrencies.


    1. Dependence on New Investors

    The value of most cryptocurrencies is not based on any intrinsic utility or asset backing. Instead, their prices soar primarily due to speculative buying. Early adopters and insiders profit as long as new investors keep pouring money into the system. The moment the hype dies down or new buyers dry up, the entire structure teeters on collapse—a hallmark of Ponzi schemes.


    2. Promises of Exponential Returns

    Ponzi schemes attract participants by guaranteeing extraordinary returns. Similarly, many crypto projects market themselves as “moonshots” with the potential for massive gains. High-profile endorsements, flashy marketing campaigns, and fear of missing out (FOMO) entice unsuspecting investors to pour in their savings, often with little understanding of the underlying technology.


    3. Lack of Regulation

    One reason Ponzi schemes thrive is the absence of oversight. Cryptocurrencies operate in a largely unregulated space, making them a playground for scammers. Rug pulls, pump-and-dump schemes, and fraudulent Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs) have resulted in billions of dollars lost by unsuspecting investors.


    4. Opaque Operations

    Ponzi schemes are notorious for their lack of transparency, and the same can be said for many crypto projects. Complex whitepapers filled with buzzwords, anonymous founders, and unverifiable claims make it difficult for investors to assess the legitimacy of a project. When the promises of revolutionary technology don’t materialize, the value plummets, leaving latecomers holding the bag.


    5. Wealth Concentration Among Insiders

    Ponzi schemes typically benefit the organizers and early entrants at the expense of later participants. Similarly, in crypto, a significant portion of wealth is concentrated in the hands of insiders and whales (large holders). These players manipulate the market by buying low, orchestrating hype, and selling at a peak, leaving small investors to absorb the losses.


    6. The Illusion of Scarcity

    Many cryptocurrencies create an artificial sense of scarcity to drive demand. For instance, Bitcoin’s capped supply of 21 million coins is touted as a key feature. However, this scarcity does not equate to intrinsic value, especially when new altcoins and tokens are launched almost daily, diluting the market.


    7. Collapse When Confidence Wavers

    Ponzi schemes unravel when participants lose confidence and stop reinvesting. Cryptocurrencies exhibit similar fragility. Market crashes, regulatory crackdowns, or revelations of fraud often lead to mass sell-offs, wiping out billions of dollars in value overnight.


    Counterarguments from Crypto Advocates

    To be fair, not everyone agrees that crypto is a Ponzi scheme. Proponents argue that blockchain technology has revolutionary potential in areas like decentralized finance (DeFi), supply chain transparency, and cross-border payments. However, while the technology may have legitimate uses, the speculative frenzy surrounding cryptocurrencies raises valid concerns.


    Final Thoughts

    The crypto ecosystem’s parallels with Ponzi schemes are hard to ignore. Its dependence on speculative hype, lack of intrinsic value, and concentration of wealth among insiders all point to an unsustainable system that benefits a few at the expense of the many. As with any investment, potential investors should exercise extreme caution, conduct thorough research, and avoid being swayed by promises of overnight riches.

    Remember: If it sounds too good to be true, it probably is.

  • The Top 50 ETFs of All Time

    The Top 50 ETFs of All Time

    Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and does not constitute financial advice.

    Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs) have revolutionized investing by offering diversified exposure to a wide range of assets at a low cost. Over the years, some ETFs have distinguished themselves as top performers, gaining recognition for their innovation, performance, or widespread adoption. In this blog, we’ll explore the top 50 ETFs of all time, categorized by their unique contributions to the investment world.


    1. Vanguard Total Stock Market ETF (VTI)

    The ultimate core holding, offering exposure to the entire U.S. equity market.

    2. SPDR S&P 500 ETF Trust (SPY)

    The first-ever ETF and still a powerhouse, tracking the S&P 500 index.

    3. Invesco QQQ Trust (QQQ)

    Focused on the Nasdaq-100, this ETF captures the tech-heavy growth sector.

    4. iShares MSCI Emerging Markets ETF (EEM)

    A go-to choice for exposure to emerging markets.

    5. Vanguard FTSE Developed Markets ETF (VEA)

    Offers access to developed markets outside the U.S. and Canada.

    6. Vanguard Total Bond Market ETF (BND)

    A comprehensive bond market ETF that provides diversification.

    7. iShares Core U.S. Aggregate Bond ETF (AGG)

    Tracks the performance of the entire U.S. bond market.

    8. Schwab U.S. Dividend Equity ETF (SCHD)

    A favorite among income-focused investors for its strong dividend growth.

    9. Vanguard High Dividend Yield ETF (VYM)

    Known for its stability and high dividend yields.

    10. Energy Select Sector SPDR Fund (XLE)

    Tracks the energy sector, including top oil and gas companies.

    11. Health Care Select Sector SPDR Fund (XLV)

    Provides targeted exposure to the healthcare industry.

    12. iShares MSCI EAFE ETF (EFA)

    Covers large- and mid-cap companies in developed markets outside North America.

    13. SPDR Gold Shares (GLD)

    A pioneer in giving investors exposure to gold without owning physical bullion.

    14. Vanguard Real Estate ETF (VNQ)

    A leader in real estate investment trust (REIT) exposure.

    15. ARK Innovation ETF (ARKK)

    A disruptive innovation-focused ETF with exposure to cutting-edge industries.

    16. iShares Russell 2000 ETF (IWM)

    Provides access to small-cap U.S. stocks.

    17. Vanguard Growth ETF (VUG)

    Focuses on large-cap growth stocks with high potential.

    18. Vanguard Value ETF (VTV)

    Targets value stocks with solid fundamentals.

    19. iShares S&P 500 Growth ETF (IVW)

    A strong option for investors seeking growth-focused S&P 500 companies.

    20. iShares S&P 500 Value ETF (IVE)

    Captures value-focused companies within the S&P 500.

    21. Invesco S&P 500 Equal Weight ETF (RSP)

    Balances the S&P 500 equally across all components.

    22. iShares MSCI ACWI ETF (ACWI)

    A one-stop solution for global equity exposure.

    23. Vanguard Small-Cap ETF (VB)

    Targets small-cap stocks across various sectors.

    24. Vanguard Mid-Cap ETF (VO)

    Provides exposure to mid-cap stocks with growth potential.

    25. iShares Core MSCI Total International Stock ETF (IXUS)

    An all-encompassing international stock ETF.

    26. iShares Core S&P Total U.S. Stock Market ETF (ITOT)

    Tracks the performance of the total U.S. equity market.

    27. SPDR Dow Jones Industrial Average ETF Trust (DIA)

    Tracks the performance of the iconic Dow Jones Industrial Average.

    28. Vanguard International High Dividend Yield ETF (VYMI)

    Designed for investors seeking income from international equities.

    29. Vanguard Information Technology ETF (VGT)

    Offers exposure to the booming tech sector.

    30. Global X Lithium & Battery Tech ETF (LIT)

    Tracks companies involved in lithium mining and battery production.

    31. First Trust NASDAQ Cybersecurity ETF (CIBR)

    Focused on the growing cybersecurity sector.

    32. iShares U.S. Treasury Bond ETF (GOVT)

    Provides exposure to U.S. Treasury bonds.

    33. Vanguard Short-Term Bond ETF (BSV)

    Ideal for conservative investors seeking short-term bond exposure.

    34. iShares TIPS Bond ETF (TIP)

    Tracks inflation-protected U.S. Treasury securities.

    35. SPDR Bloomberg Barclays High Yield Bond ETF (JNK)

    Offers exposure to high-yield corporate bonds.

    36. iShares Preferred and Income Securities ETF (PFF)

    Targets preferred securities for steady income.

    37. ProShares UltraPro QQQ (TQQQ)

    A leveraged ETF for aggressive investors focused on the Nasdaq-100.

    38. Vanguard ESG U.S. Stock ETF (ESGV)

    Aligns with environmental, social, and governance principles.

    39. iShares Global Clean Energy ETF (ICLN)

    Captures the growing clean energy sector.

    40. Invesco Solar ETF (TAN)

    Focused on the global solar power industry.

    41. Direxion Daily S&P 500 Bull 3X Shares (SPXL)

    A leveraged ETF for bold moves on the S&P 500.

    42. VanEck Semiconductor ETF (SMH)

    A semiconductor industry favorite.

    43. iShares MSCI USA Min Vol Factor ETF (USMV)

    Targets low-volatility U.S. stocks.

    44. iShares Core Dividend Growth ETF (DGRO)

    Focuses on companies with consistent dividend growth.

    45. Vanguard Tax-Exempt Bond ETF (VTEB)

    A tax-efficient bond ETF.

    46. SPDR S&P Dividend ETF (SDY)

    Tracks the performance of high-dividend-yielding companies.

    47. WisdomTree U.S. Quality Dividend Growth ETF (DGRW)

    A dividend-focused ETF with growth considerations.

    48. iShares Global REIT ETF (REET)

    Offers global exposure to real estate investment trusts.

    49. SPDR S&P Biotech ETF (XBI)

    Captures innovation in the biotech sector.

    50. Vanguard FTSE All-World ex-US Small-Cap ETF (VSS)

    Focuses on small-cap companies outside the U.S.


    Final Thoughts

    These ETFs represent a mix of innovation, performance, and utility, making them some of the most recognized and impactful funds in the market. Whether you’re a new or seasoned investor, these ETFs offer a glimpse into the potential of diversified investing.

    What are your favorite ETFs, and why? Share your thoughts in the comments!

    Disclaimer: Past performance does not guarantee future results. Always consult a financial advisor before making investment decisions.

  • 40 ETFs in My Portfolio: A Deep Dive into Diversification

    40 ETFs in My Portfolio: A Deep Dive into Diversification

    Disclaimer: This post is for informational purposes only and should not be considered financial advice.

    Investing in a diversified portfolio is a core strategy for managing risk and seeking steady returns. My portfolio currently consists of 40 Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs), each selected to provide exposure to various sectors, asset classes, and regions worldwide. In this post, I’ll walk you through the highlights of my ETF holdings, explain why diversification is key, and how these funds align with my investment strategy.

    The Importance of Diversification

    Diversification spreads risk across multiple investments, reducing the impact of any single asset’s poor performance. With ETFs, it’s possible to gain exposure to hundreds or even thousands of securities in a single trade, making them ideal for building a diversified portfolio. My approach to diversification includes:

    1. Sector Diversification: Allocating to different industries like technology, healthcare, and energy.
    2. Geographic Diversification: Balancing domestic and international investments.
    3. Asset Class Diversification: Including stocks, bonds, and alternative assets.

    My Top ETF Categories

    Here’s a breakdown of the main categories represented in my portfolio:

    1. Broad Market ETFs

    These ETFs provide exposure to the overall stock market:

    • Vanguard Total Stock Market ETF (VTI): Covers the entire U.S. equity market.
    • Vanguard Total World Stock ETF (VT): Offers global exposure, including developed and emerging markets.
    2. Sector-Specific ETFs

    Targeting specific industries:

    • Technology: Invesco QQQ Trust (QQQ), Vanguard Information Technology ETF (VGT).
    • Healthcare: Health Care Select Sector SPDR Fund (XLV).
    • Energy: Energy Select Sector SPDR Fund (XLE).
    3. Bond ETFs

    Balancing risk with fixed-income investments:

    • iShares Core U.S. Aggregate Bond ETF (AGG).
    • Vanguard Total Bond Market ETF (BND).
    4. Dividend-Focused ETFs

    For income generation:

    • Schwab U.S. Dividend Equity ETF (SCHD).
    • Vanguard High Dividend Yield ETF (VYM).
    5. International ETFs

    Expanding beyond U.S. markets:

    • iShares MSCI Emerging Markets ETF (EEM).
    • Vanguard FTSE Developed Markets ETF (VEA).
    6. Alternative Asset ETFs

    Including commodities and real estate:

    • SPDR Gold Shares (GLD).
    • Vanguard Real Estate ETF (VNQ).

    Why These ETFs?

    Each ETF in my portfolio serves a purpose:

    • Core Holdings: Broad market ETFs like VTI and VT form the foundation, ensuring I’m exposed to the overall market.
    • Growth Potential: Sector-specific ETFs like QQQ target high-growth industries.
    • Stability: Bond ETFs and dividend-focused ETFs provide a buffer against volatility.
    • Opportunities Abroad: International ETFs like EEM ensure geographic diversity.

    Tracking and Adjusting My Portfolio

    To manage my investments, I regularly monitor performance, rebalance when necessary, and stay informed about market trends. Tools like portfolio trackers and apps simplify this process, helping me align my portfolio with my financial goals.

    Final Thoughts

    Building a diversified ETF portfolio is a powerful way to balance risk and reward. While the funds mentioned above work for me, every investor has unique goals and risk tolerance. Always conduct your research and consult with a financial advisor if needed.

    What ETFs are in your portfolio? Let me know in the comments below!


    Disclaimer: This post is not financial advice. Investing involves risks, including the loss of principal. Always do your research before making any investment decisions.